tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40402265862312269232011-10-27T08:33:11.564-04:00Information technology Sudies And ResearchesInformation technology is the acquisition processing storage of dissemination of vocal pictorial textual and numerical information by a microelectronics based combination computing communication
All about information technology and let we learn IT and study new innovations in world researches from all over the worldjamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comBlogger41125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-12850812397371900512011-10-22T23:56:00.004-04:002011-10-22T23:57:00.342-04:002011-10-22T23:57:00.342-04:00What is Software Engineering?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>What is software</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Computer programs</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> and </span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">associated
documentation</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Software products</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed
for a general market</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Software products</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> may be</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: #fc1833; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Generic</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"> - developed to be
sold to a range of different customers</span></div>
<span style="color: #fc1833; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Bespoke</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"> (custom) - developed
for a single customer according to their specification</span><br />
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<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">What is </span><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Software Engineering?</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Software engineering</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> is an engineering discipline which is concerned with all
aspects of software production</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Software engineers</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> should </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia;">adopt a systematic and
organised approach to their work </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia;">use appropriate tools and
techniques</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"> depending on </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;">the problem to be
solved, </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;">the development
constraints and </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;">the resources
available</span></div>
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<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 25.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;">What is the difference
between software engineering and computer science?</span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MnfepT_OmFo/TqOKyMruhcI/AAAAAAAAAQA/qrnb-kQCwNg/s1600/software+engeering.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MnfepT_OmFo/TqOKyMruhcI/AAAAAAAAAQA/qrnb-kQCwNg/s1600/software+engeering.bmp" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 25.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;"><span style="color: #fc1833; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;">What is the difference between software
engineering and system engineering?</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 25.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;"><span style="color: #fc1833; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #fc1833; font-family: Arial;"></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">System engineering</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> is concerned with all aspects of computer-based systems
development including </span><span style="color: #fc1833; font-family: Georgia;">hardware</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="color: #fc1833; font-family: Georgia;">software</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> and </span><span style="color: #fc1833; font-family: Georgia;">process engineering</span></div>
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<!--[if ppt]--><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Software engineering</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> is part of this process</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">System engineers</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> are involved in </span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">system</span><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia;"> </span><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">specification</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">architectural design</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">, <span> </span></span><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">integration</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> and </span><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">deployment</span></div>
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<span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Stakeholders in </span><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Arial;">software engineering?</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Arial;"></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Users </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;">Those who use the
Software.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Customers </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;">Those who pay for the
Software.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Software Developers</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Development Manager</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">All four roles can be fulfilled by the same person</span><br />
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<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">What is a </span><span style="color: #9933ff; font-family: Arial;">software process</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">A </span><span style="color: #9933ff; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">set of activities</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> whose goal is the development or evolution of software</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">Generic activities in all software processes are:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Specification</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"> - </span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia;">what
the system should do and its development constraints</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Development</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"> - </span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia;">production
of the software system</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Validation</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"> - </span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia;">checking
that the software is what the customer wants</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Evolution</span><span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"> - </span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia;">changing
the software in response to changing demands</span><span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia;">
</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #53548a; font-family: Georgia;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #660033; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">What is a
software process model?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #53548a;"><span style="color: #00cc99; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #660033; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #00cc99;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">A simplified representation
of a software process</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">, presented from a specific
perspective</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Examples of process
perspectives:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Workflow perspective</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"><span>
</span>represents inputs, outputs and dependencies<span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Data-flow perspective</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"><span>
</span>represents data transformation activities<span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Role/action perspective</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> represents the roles/activities
of the <span> </span><span> </span>people involved in software
process<span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-style: italic;">
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Generic process models</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"><span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Waterfall</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Evolutionary development</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Formal transformation</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">–</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Integration from reusable components</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">What are
the costs of software engineering?</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 101%; margin-bottom: 14.25pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Roughly 60% of costs are
development costs,<span> </span>40% are testing costs</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">. For custom software, evolution costs often
exceed development costs</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Costs vary depending on the
type of system</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> being developed </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">and the requirements</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> of system attributes such as performance and
system reliability</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;">§</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Distribution of costs
depends on the development model that is used</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 101%; margin-bottom: 14.25pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">What are software
engineering methods?</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><div style="color: black; direction: ltr; line-height: 101%; margin-bottom: 14.25pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 9.6pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Structured approaches to
software development</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> which include </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia;">system models</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia;">notations</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia;">rules</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia;">design advice</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> and </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia;">process guidance</span></div>
<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; line-height: 101%; margin-bottom: 14.25pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 9.6pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Model
descriptions</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Descriptions of graphical models which should be produced</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Rules</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Constraints
applied to system models</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Recommendations</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Advice
on good design practice</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">)</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Process
guidance</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">What
activities to follow</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">What are
the attributes of good software?</span></span></span></div>
</span></span></div>
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">The software should deliver
the required functionality and performance to the user and should be </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">maintainable</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">dependable</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"> and </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">usable</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Maintainability</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">Software must evolve
to meet changing needs</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Dependability</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">Software must be
trustworthy</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Efficiency</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .81in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">Software should not
make wasteful use of system resources</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Usability</span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">Software must be
usable by the users for which it was</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold; line-height: 101%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia;"><b>What are
the key challenges </b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">facing software engineering</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3333cc; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 101%; margin-bottom: 14.25pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">Software engineering in the
21</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: super;">st</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;"> century
faces three key challenges:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">Legacy systems</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">–</span><span style="color: black;">Old,
valuable systems must be maintained and updated</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">Heterogeneity</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">–</span><span style="color: black;">Systems
are distributed and include a mix of hardware and software</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">Delivery</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">–</span><span style="color: black;">There
is increasing pressure </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span> </span>for faster delivery of software</span><span style="color: black;">
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div>
</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Professional
and Ethical Responsibility</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Software
engineering involves wider responsibilities</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> than simply the application of technical skills</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Software
engineers must behave in an honest and ethically responsible</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"> way if they are to
be respected as professionals</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">Ethical
behaviour is more than <span> </span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;">simply
upholding the law</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #3333cc; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-1285081239737190051?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-37996498803477052732011-10-21T14:04:00.000-04:002011-10-21T14:04:03.999-04:002011-10-21T14:04:03.999-04:00EBay profit meets Street; shares dip on cautious view<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
(Reuters) - EBay Inc reported profit that matched Wall Street estimates and gave a restrained outlook for the rest of the year because of economic uncertainty, sending its shares lower.</div>
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"Not a spectacular quarter," said R J Hottovy, an equity analyst at Morningstar. "It was essentially in line, which may have disappointed the market."</div>
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The operator of the largest online marketplace reported third-quarter net income of $490.5 million, or 37 cents a share, compared with $432 million, or 33 cents a share, a year earlier.</div>
<span id="midArticle_3"></span><div style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Excluding stock-based compensation expenses and other items, profit was $628.2 million, or 48 cents a share, in the latest period, the company said. Revenue rose 32 percent to $2.97 billion.</div>
<span id="midArticle_4"></span><div style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Analysts, on average, had expected EBay to earn 48 cents a share on revenue of $2.91 billion, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.</div>
<span id="midArticle_5"></span><div style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
EBay is riding a strong e-commerce growth wave as shoppers buy more online and through smartphones and tablet computers.</div>
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The company benefits from this trend because its Internet marketplaces make money by charging fees on transactions and other activity. The company's PayPal unit also wins as it takes a small cut of a rising volume of electronic payments processed on its network.</div>
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However, the debt crisis in Europe and global economic slowdown has the potential to restrain all types of consumption during the crucial holiday season, even online.</div>
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"We read the same newspaper headlines and we don't have a crystal ball on the economy," eBay Chief Executive John Donahoe said in an interview with Reuters. "I don't think it will be a great holiday, but we are putting our stake in the sand and saying we think it will be solid."</div>
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EBay Chief Financial Officer Bob Swan said the company saw a "modest deceleration" in its German and U.S. businesses as the third quarter ended.</div>
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EBay forecast fourth-quarter profit of 55 cents to 58 cents a year. Analysts, on average, were expecting 58 cents a share, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.</div>
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EBay forecast full-year revenue of $11.5 billion to $11.6 billion and full-year profit of $1.98 to $2.01 a share.</div>
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When eBay reported second-quarter results in July, the company forecast full-year revenue of $11.3 billion to $11.6 billion and full-year profit of $1.97 to $2.00 a share.</div>
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"Investors were assuming there would be upside surprise in <a href="http://www.reuters.com/finance/earnings" style="color: #006e97; cursor: pointer; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Full coverage of Earnings">earnings</a> or the guidance," said Fred Moran, an analyst at The Benchmark Company.</div>
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"They maintained their full-year forecast essentially, which reflects a little caution around the global economy," Moran added. "Management could increase forecasts later in the year, but things are too volatile right now to stick one's neck out."</div>
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EBay shares fell 4.1 percent to $31.82 in after-hours trading.</div>
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PAYPAL LOSSES</div>
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PayPal's loss rate -- which measures how much the unit loses to payment fraud -- climbed to 0.31 percent in the third quarter, versus 0.25 percent in the previous quarter.</div>
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EBay's Donahoe said the increase was partly due to a jump in the volume of transactions processed by PayPal over mobile devices.</div>
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PayPal expects to process $3.5 billion worth of mobile payments this year, up from $750 million in 2010.</div>
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PayPal's fraud-monitoring computer models need time to adjust to this new source of transactions, CFO Swan told analysts during a conference call on Wednesday.</div>
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Once the models have adjusted, PayPal's loss rate should decline, the CFO added.</div>
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Donahoe said the adjustment will make PayPal more competitive in the long-term.</div>
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"Paypal's business model is even more powerful on a mobile device than on a computer," Donahoe said. "You can lose your phone but not your money with PayPal."</div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-3799649880347705273?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-50554411053232175572011-10-21T14:02:00.003-04:002011-10-21T14:02:46.765-04:002011-10-21T14:02:46.765-04:00ARM chip promises cheaper smartphones<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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UK chip designer ARM has unveiled a new processor, which should allow manufacturers to make cheaper smartphones.</div>
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The company hopes the Cortex A7 will enable a mobile computing revolution in developing countries where current technologies are often unaffordable.</div>
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Consumers in developed countries should also see a benefit.</div>
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The ultra-efficient chip can be paired with more powerful processors in a "hybrid" model to reduce power use.</div>
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ARM's designs are used in approximately 95% of the world's smartphones.</div>
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A range of big name manufacturers have already signed-up to use the A7 processor along with the company's "big.LITTLE" architecture.</div>
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Samsung, LG, NVidia and Texas Instruments were among those to throw their weight behind the technology.</div>
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Apple is also known to make use of ARM-designed chips in its mobile devices, although it has historically been reluctant to say so publicly.</div>
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Used as the sole processor in a smartphone, the A7 is said to offer comparable power to current chips at a fraction of the price, while consuming much less battery power.</div>
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Its silicon core is only one-fifth of the size of existing technologies, allowing a reduced production price, according to ARM chief executive Warren East.</div>
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"You typically make chips on a silicon wafer and it costs roughly the same amount of money for each wafer. If you can get 2,000 devices on a wafer or 1,000 devices on a wafer it makes a huge difference to the cost per device," he told BBC News.</div>
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"We can see the developed world moving on and mobile being the nexus for all sort of consumer electronics. In the Bric countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) we are seeing catch-up.</div>
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"As we look forward these smartphones are going to be totally ubiquitous and in the much less developed areas, such as Africa, you will see smartphones becoming tools that people use to make their lives easier."</div>
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Mr East said that the trend would happen regardless of intervention, but cheaper devices would greatly accelerate that, enabling smartphones to be produced for under $100 (£60) by 2013 or 2014.</div>
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In countries where price is less of an issue, the Cortex A7 may be combined with high end mobile processors to offer a powerful, yet energy-efficient package, ARM said.</div>
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For less demanding tasks such as checking in the background for email and social networking updates, the A7 processor would handle the work.</div>
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Using a technology known as big.LITTLE, the phone would instantly switch over to chips such as the Cortex-A15 when more horsepower was needed.</div>
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"It's not just trying to solve the issue of doing yet another CPU with higher performance," said Avner Goren, general manager of Omap strategy at Texas Instruments, one of ARM's clients.</div>
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"I don't need massive processing all the time, I need it only some of the time, and for the rest I can use A7. This allows me now to continue the path to more and more powerful devices but without sacrificing battery life."</div>
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Although ARM currently enjoys a dominant position in the smartphone and tablet markets, the Cambridge-based firm is facing the prospect of stiff competition from Intel, which plans to enter the mobile processor business.</div>
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Its forthcoming Medfield and Clover Trail processors are aimed at the smartphone and tablet markets.</div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-5055441105323217557?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-64043251701464274952011-10-21T13:59:00.000-04:002011-10-21T13:59:09.880-04:002011-10-21T13:59:09.880-04:00Jobs refused cancer treatment too long: biographer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="articleLocatio</span>n">(Reuters) - Apple Inc co-founder Steve Jobs refused potentially life-saving cancer surgery for nine months, shrugging off his family's protests and opting instead for alternative medicine, according to the tech visionary's biographer.</span></div>
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When he eventually sought surgery, the rare form of pancreatic cancer had spread to the tissues surrounding the organ, biographer Walter Isaacson said in an interview with "60 Minutes" on CBS, to be aired on Sunday.</div>
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Jobs also played down the seriousness of his condition and told everyone he was cured but kept receiving treatment in secret, Isaacson said in the interview.</div>
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The biography hits bookstores October 24 and emerged from scores of interviews with Jobs. It is expected to paint an unprecedented, no-holds-barred portrait of a man who famously guarded his privacy fiercely but whose death ignited a global outpouring of grief and tribute.</div>
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The book reveals Jobs was bullied in school, tried various quirky diets as a teenager, and exhibited early strange behavior such as staring at others without blinking, according to the Associated Press, which said it bought a copy on Thursday, without disclosing how.</div>
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In his "60 Minutes" interview, Isaacson confirmed details that had been speculated upon or widely reported, including that Jobs might have been cured of his "slow-growing" cancer had he sought professional treatment sooner, rather than resorting to unconventional means.</div>
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Jobs deeply regretted putting off a decision that might have ultimately saved his life, according to Isaacson.</div>
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"He tries to treat it with diet. He goes to spiritualists. He goes to various ways of doing it macrobiotically and he doesn't get an operation," Isaacson said in the interview.</div>
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"I think that he kind of felt that if you ignore something, if you don't want something to exist, you can have magical thinking," he said. "We talked about this a lot."</div>
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Jobs announced in August 2004 that he had undergone surgery to remove a cancerous tumor from his pancreas. In 2008 and 2009 -- as his dwindling weight stirred increasing alarm in Silicon Valley and on Wall Street -- he said first he was fighting a "common bug," then that he was suffering from a hormone imbalance. In 2009, news emerged that he had undergone a liver transplant.</div>
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FAVORITE BAND: BEATLES</div>
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Jobs died on October 5 at the age of 56. Outpourings of sympathy swept across the globe as state leaders, business rivals and fans paid their respects to the man who touched the daily lives of countless millions through the Macintosh computer, iPod, iPhone and <a href="http://www.reuters.com/subjects/ipad" style="color: #006e97; cursor: pointer; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Full coverage of the Apple iPad">iPad</a>.</div>
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He had never revealed much about his life or thinking -- until he commissioned Isaacson for a biography he hoped would let his children know him better.</div>
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The book shed new light on how Jobs' relationship with longtime friend and ex-Apple board member, then-Google Inc CEO Eric Schmidt -- unraveled when the Internet search giant chose to go toe-to-toe with Apple in the smartphone arena.</div>
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According to AP's account of the biography, Jobs went on an expletive-laced rant against what he called "grand theft," after Google launched its Android mobile software on phones made by Taiwan's HTC Corp in 2010.</div>
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"I will spend my last dying breath if I need to, and I will spend every penny of Apple's $40 billion in the bank, to right this wrong," Jobs was cited as saying in the book, according to AP. "I'm going to destroy Android, because it's a stolen product. I'm willing to go thermonuclear war on this."</div>
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Experts say Apple and Samsung Electronic's legal patent battle -- spanning at least three continents -- was really an attack on Google's 3-year-old software, now the world's most-used smartphone operating system.</div>
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Details also emerged about Jobs' life away from the world of business, which by all accounts had consumed most of his time.</div>
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Adopted as a baby by a family in Silicon Valley, Jobs met his biological father -- Abdulfattah "John" Jandali -- several times in the 1980s without realizing who he was, according to Isaacson.</div>
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Jandali had been running a restaurant in the area at the time. But Jobs never got in touch with Jandali once he found out the restaurateur was his biological father, according to an excerpt from the TV interview posted on CBS' website.</div>
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The technology icon also revealed he stopped going to church at age 13 after he saw starving children on the cover of Life Magazine, the AP cited the book as saying.</div>
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Jobs spent years studying Zen Buddhism and has famously traveled through India in search of spiritual guidance.</div>
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He talked in his biography about his love for design and called Apple's design chief Jonathan Ive his "spiritual partner"; Ive had "more operation power" at Apple than anyone besides Jobs himself, according to AP.</div>
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Jobs, who counted The Beatles among his favorites, came up with the name of his iconic company while on one of his "fruitarian diets." He had just returned from an apple farm and thought the moniker was "fun, spirited and not intimidating," AP cited the biography as saying.</div>
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Access the full link here:<a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7385390n%3C/p%3E" style="color: #006e97; cursor: pointer; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;">here</a><span id="midArticle_8"></span></div>
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(Reporting by <a href="http://blogs.reuters.com/search/journalist.php?edition=us&n=poornima.gupta&" style="color: #006e97; cursor: pointer; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;">Poornima Gupta</a> and <a href="http://blogs.reuters.com/search/journalist.php?edition=us&n=eddie.chan&" style="color: #006e97; cursor: pointer; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;">Edwin Chan</a>; Editing by <a href="http://blogs.reuters.com/search/journalist.php?edition=us&n=richard.chang&" style="color: #006e97; cursor: pointer; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;">Richard Chang</a>)</div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-6404325170146427495?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-23015262535708101162011-10-21T13:55:00.000-04:002011-10-21T13:55:16.799-04:002011-10-21T13:55:16.799-04:00Microsoft Looks To Cut Windows Phone Production Costs… In Half<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Microsoft is looking to cut manufacturing costs on its Windows Phone 7 handsets, according to statements made by WinPho boss Andy Lees in Hong Kong today. The company has struggled through its push into mobile since the launch of the Windows Phone platform last year, which honestly made more of a ripple than a splash in the market.</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">its volume, and cutting production costs seems to be the means to that end. Lees said Redmond is looking to cut manufacturing costs in half, taking them from around $400 per handset (which was the cost when the software debuted last year) to less than $200 per handset.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;"><div style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 12.5px; margin-top: 12.5px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Now that Mango is ready to emerge as a <a href="http://techcrunch.com/2011/09/21/verizon-ceo-a-third-mobile-platform-will-emerge-in-the-next-12-months/" style="color: #0a9600; font-weight: bold; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;">“third mobile ecosystem,”</a> as Verizon CEO Lowell McAdams would put it, Microsoft wants to step up </div>
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Strangely, though, Microsoft seems to be fine with the catch involved with cutting these costs. Due to Microsoft’s royalty structure, vendors pay the company for handsets based on a percentage of manufacturing costs rather than a fixed rate. If Microsoft can really bring its production costs down to less than $200, it may very well be making half of what it did last year per handset.</div>
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But for every goal, sacrifices must be made. And in the case of Windows Phone, profit isn’t necessarily the name of the game. Microsoft already makes plenty off of Android courtesy of patent royalty deals — in fact, last time we had specific numbers Redmond was seeing <a href="http://techcrunch.com/2011/05/27/microsoft-has-made-5x-more-money-from-android-than-they-have-from-windows-phone-7/" style="color: #0a9600; font-weight: bold; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;">upwards of around $150,000,000 on Android from HTC alone</a>, and that was before they <a href="http://techcrunch.com/2011/09/28/samsung-and-microsoft-ink-deal-for-cross-licensing-patents-marketing-windows-phone/" style="color: #0a9600; font-weight: bold; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;">signed a deal with Samsung</a>.</div>
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In the words of Lees, the goal here is “volume, volume, volume,” reports <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-20/microsoft-to-help-halve-phone-costs-next-year-in-volume-drive.html" style="color: #0a9600; font-weight: bold; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;">Bloomberg</a>. “We are supporting componentry that will allow us to go below $200.” But if volume is the plan here, there may be some other obstacles for Microsoft to worry about. In the opinion of some Windows Phone enthusiasts, namely Robert McLaws, vendors seem to push the iPhone and Android devices much harder than they market Windows Phone 7 handsets. McLaws even created <a href="http://techcrunch.com/2011/06/14/wptattletale-com-points-fingers-at-carriers-for-weak-wp7-sales/" style="color: #0a9600; font-weight: bold; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;">a website dedicated to harping on retailers</a> for poor WinPho sales.</div>
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If the issue McLaws outlines is, in fact, a real problem, perhaps volume (x3) coupled with the much-improved Mango platform will help turn the tide.</div>
</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-2301526253570810116?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-71098050671396747882011-10-21T13:51:00.001-04:002011-10-21T13:51:43.535-04:002011-10-21T13:51:43.535-04:00Facebook could face €100,000 fine for holding data that users have deleted<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">Social network will be audited by Irish data protection commissioner after Austrian law student registers 22 complaints</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nYBjXtgsLeI/TqGwusKiN_I/AAAAAAAAANU/jlpox_5wQEY/s1600/Mark-Zuckerberg-Facebook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nYBjXtgsLeI/TqGwusKiN_I/AAAAAAAAANU/jlpox_5wQEY/s320/Mark-Zuckerberg-Facebook.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">Facebook's chief executive, Mark Zuckerberg. The website could face be fined €100,000 for holding data that users have deleted. Photograph: Paul Sakuma/AP<br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><div style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Facebook could face a fine of up to €100,000 (£87,000) after an Austrian law student discovered the <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/socialnetworking" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Social networking">social networking</a> site held 1,200 pages of personal data about him, much of which he had deleted.</div>
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Max Schrems, 24, decided to ask Facebook for a copy of his data in June after attending a lecture by a Facebook executive while on an exchange programme at Santa Clara University in California.</div>
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Schrems was shocked when he eventually received a CD from California containing messages and information he says he had deleted from his profile in the three years since he joined the site.</div>
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After receiving the data, Schrems decided to log a list of <a href="http://www.europe-v-facebook.org/EN/Complaints/complaints.html" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">22 separate complaints</a> with the Irish <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/data-protection" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Data protection">data protection</a> commissioner, which next week is to carry out its first audit of Facebook. He wrote to Ireland after discovering that European users are administered by the Irish Facebook subsidiary. A spokeswoman for the commissioner confirmed its officers would be investigating alleged breaches raised by Schrems as part of the audit. If the commissioner decides to prosecute and Facebook or any employees are found guilty of data protection breaches, the maximum penalty is a fine of €100,000.</div>
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Among the 1,200 pages of data Schrems was sent were rejected friend requests, incidences where he "defriended" someone, as well as a log of all Facebook chats he had ever had. There was also a list of photos he had detagged of himself, the names of everyone he had ever "poked", which events he had attended, which he hadn't replied to, and much more besides.</div>
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The information was broken down into 57 categories, including likes, log-ons (a list of when he logged on and which IP address he used) and emails, which included some email addresses Schrems had never personally uploaded to the site but which he assumes were discerned from another user's profile.</div>
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"I discovered Facebook had kept highly personal messages I had written and then deleted, which, were they to become public, could be highly damaging to my reputation," said Schrems in an interview between law lectures on Thursday.</div>
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"I'm not saying there was anything criminal or forbidden there, but let's just say that, as someone wanting to work in law, there was stuff which could make it pretty impossible for me to get a job." By holding on to data its users assumed was deleted, Facebook was acting like "the KGB or the CIA", said Schrems.</div>
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"Information is power, and information about people is power over people. It's frightening that all this data is being held by Facebook.</div>
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"Of course, they are not misusing it at the moment, but the biggest concern is what happens when there is a <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/privacy" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Privacy">privacy</a> breach, either from hackers or from someone inside the firm?"</div>
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A spokesman for Facebook said in a statement: "Facebook provided Mr Schrems with all of the information required in response to his request.</div>
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"It included requests for information on a range of other things that are not personal information, including Facebook's proprietary fraud protection measures, and 'any other analytical procedure that Facebook runs'.</div>
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"This is clearly not personal data, and Irish data protection law rightly places some valuable and reasonable limits on the data that has to be provided."</div>
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Facebook says any user can download their "personal archive".</div>
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But Schrems, on the campaigning <a href="http://www.europe-v-facebook.org/EN/en.html" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">website</a> <strong style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></strong>he has set up to encourage others to follow his lead, claims that: "This tool only offers access to a fraction of the data Facebook holds.</div>
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"It even falls short of providing the amount of data we already received from Facebook."</div>
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</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-7109805067139674788?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-63397543655918570752011-10-14T16:37:00.001-04:002011-10-14T16:38:47.027-04:002011-10-14T16:38:47.027-04:00Circuit Switichig<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<span style="color: #081d58; font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Circuit Switching</span></div>
<div class="O1" style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.13in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: -.5in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Advantages:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Circuit is dedicated to the call
– no interference, no sharing</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Guaranteed the full bandwidth for
the duration of the call</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Guaranteed Quality of Service</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Times;"><div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .51in; margin-top: 7.68pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: -.51in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Disadvantages:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Inefficient – the equipment may
be unused for a lot of the call, if no data is being sent, the dedicated line
still remains open</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Takes a relatively long time to
set up the circuit</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">During a crisis or disaster, the
network may become unstable or unavailable.</span></div>
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">It was primarily developed for
voice traffic rather than data traffic.</span></div>
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">
</span></div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-6339754365591857075?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-62834114970502993802011-10-14T16:29:00.003-04:002011-10-14T16:36:32.718-04:002011-10-14T16:36:32.718-04:00circuit switching vs packet switching<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Packet-switched and circuit-switched networks
use two different technologies for sending messages and data from one point to
another.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Each have their advantages and disadvantages
depending on what you are trying to do.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"><b><u>PACKET SWITCHING </u></b></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: -.51in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 28pt;"><span style="color: #081d58; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 50%;">Ø</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">In packet-based networks, the message gets broken into small data
packets. These packets are sent out from
the computer and they travel around the network seeking out the most efficient
route to travel as circuits become available.
This does not necessarily mean that they seek out the shortest route.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #081d58; font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Each packet may go a different route from the
others.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: -.51in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.51in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #081d58; font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Each packet is sent with a ‘header
address’. This tells it where its final
destination is, so it knows where to go.
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.51in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #081d58; font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">The header address also describes the
sequence for reassembly at the destination computer so that the packets are put
back into the correct order.</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.51in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #081d58; font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">One packet also contains details of how many
packets should be arriving so that the recipient computer knows if one packet
has failed to turn up. </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.51in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #081d58; font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">If a packet fails to arrive, the recipient
computer sends a message back to the computer which originally sent the data,
asking for the missing packet to be resent.</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.51in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">
</span><br />
<div class="O1" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.13in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Packet Switching</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Message is broken up into segments
(packets). </span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Each packet carries the identification of the
intended recipient, data used to assist in data correction and the position of
the packet in the sequence. </span></div>
</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 14px;">
</span><span style="color: black;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Each packet is treated individually by the
switching centre and may be sent to the destination by a totally different
route to all the others.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span><br />
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<div style="font-family: Times;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></span></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.51in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Packet Switching</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Times;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: black;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Advantages:</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
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<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Security</span></div>
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bandwidth used to full potential</span></div>
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Devices of different speeds can communicate</span></div>
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Not affected by line failure (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">rediverts</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> signal)</span></div>
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Availability – do not have to wait for a
direct connection to become available</span></div>
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">During a crisis or disaster, when the public
telephone network might stop working, e-mails and texts can still be sent via
packet switching</span></div>
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<div style="font-family: Times;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Times;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.13in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Disadvantages</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
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<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Under heavy use there can be a delay</span></div>
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Data packets can get lost or become corrupted</span></div>
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Protocols are needed for a reliable transfer</span></div>
<div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; font-family: Times; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;">»</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Not so good for some types data streams </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">e.g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> real-time video streams can lose frames due to the way packets
arrive out of sequence.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 28pt;"> </span></div>
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<div style="font-family: Times;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 37px;"><b><u>Circuit Switching</u></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Times;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #081d58; font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Circuit switching was de</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">signe</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">d in 1878 in order to send telephone
calls down a dedicated channel. This
channel remained open and in use throughout the whole call and could not be
used by any other data or phone calls.</span></div>
</div>
</span></div>
</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</span></div>
</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><div class="O2" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.51in; margin-top: 6.72pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: 28pt;">
</span></div>
</span><div style="font-family: Times;">
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</div>
</span><div style="font-family: Times;">
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</div>
</span><div style="font-family: Times;">
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</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="color: black;">
</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-6283411497050299380?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-24417226091085306852011-10-13T01:42:00.003-04:002011-10-13T01:42:42.429-04:002011-10-13T01:42:42.429-04:00Home LAN: Do you have home LAN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I have no such a home network but if I make it then first I would be control its administration.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AM6_7x_Y1Jw/TpZ6JYzucDI/AAAAAAAAANI/9XTTiVfv7bM/s1600/home+lan+or+network.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="547" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AM6_7x_Y1Jw/TpZ6JYzucDI/AAAAAAAAANI/9XTTiVfv7bM/s640/home+lan+or+network.bmp" width="640" /></a></div>
So that I would use middle room or TV lounge and control all others room by centrally connected to my computer and my computer give privliges to other computers so that whether they can install any software or not.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-2441722609108530685?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-42455807056880551042011-10-13T01:06:00.000-04:002011-10-13T01:06:19.450-04:002011-10-13T01:06:19.450-04:00Projectors: Which technology LCD or DLP projectors is Used<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kBsVJB28hW8/TpZpiu4KGqI/AAAAAAAAANA/_ho--K3LTuE/s1600/view+sonics-LCD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kBsVJB28hW8/TpZpiu4KGqI/AAAAAAAAANA/_ho--K3LTuE/s1600/view+sonics-LCD.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f;">In view sonic LCD technology used</span></b><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b>LCD (liquid crystal display)</b> projectors contain three<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span>separate LCD glass panels, one each for the red, green, and blue components of the video signal. Each LCD panel contains thousands (or millions) of liquid crystals that can be aligned in either open, closed, or partially closed positions to allow light to pass through. Each liquid crystal behaves in essence like a shutter or blind, and each represents a single pixel ("picture element"). As red, green, and blue light passes through the respective LCD panels, the liquid crystals open and close based on how much of each color is needed for that pixel at that moment in time. This activity modulates the light and produces the image that is projected onto the screen.<br />
<b>DLP ("Digital Light Processing")</b> is a proprietary technology developed by <b>Texas Instruments</b>. It works quite differently than LCD. Instead of having glass panels through which light is passed, the DLP chip is a reflective surface made up of thousands (or millions) of tiny mirrors. Each mirror represents a single pixel.<br />
In a DLP projector, light from the projector's lamp is directed onto the surface of the DLP chip. The mirrors tilt back and forth, directing light either into the lens path to turn the pixel on, or away from the lens path to turn it off.<br />
In the most expensive DLP projectors, there are three separate DLP chips, one each for the red, green, and blue channels. However, in most DLP projectors under $10,000 there is only one chip. To define color, a color wheel is used that contains (at minimum) a red, green, and blue filter. This wheel spins in the light path between the lamp and the DLP chip and alternates the color of the light hitting the chip from red to green to blue. The mirrors tilt away from or into the lens path based upon how much of each color is required for each pixel at any given moment in time. This activity modulates the light and produces the image that is projected onto the screen.<br />
<div>
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div>
<b><u>Technology that we use in our class rooms</u></b></div>
<div>
The technology that we use in classrooms is usually LCD which are usually view sonic used. </div>
<div>
<b>On the basis of lens or mirror we can check our projector is DLP or LCD</b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b><u>Is Image Clear In the back of class room</u></b></div>
<div>
Some how image is clear This Question is left for back benchers :)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u><i>Feeling About using this technology</i></u></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> It is better than writing on white board so that it saves our time.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-4245580705688055104?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-52052298340716986922011-10-13T00:11:00.000-04:002011-10-13T00:11:06.453-04:002011-10-13T00:11:06.453-04:00Voice recognition : Major problems and improvements<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Major Problems In Voice Recognition</b>:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-91JqhVImZWw/TpZio63ZAXI/AAAAAAAAAM4/eXhFw6ZI_us/s1600/voice+challenge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-91JqhVImZWw/TpZio63ZAXI/AAAAAAAAAM4/eXhFw6ZI_us/s1600/voice+challenge.jpg" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Many challenges affect its accuracy. These include poor-quality voice samples; the variability in a speaker's voice due to illness, mood, changes over time; background noise as the caller interacts with the system; and changes in the call's technology (digital vs. analogue, upgrades to circuits and microphones, etc)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><b>How they can be overcome:</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #777777;"> </span>A</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><em> standard application programming interface (API) to reduce the issues with cost, interoperability, time-to-deployment, vendor lock-in, and other aspects of building applications,</em> <em>"So far, law enforcement, telecommunications services, and financial services in different countries, are using speaker verification but an API standard will make it easier and more attractive for integrators and others."</em></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"> </span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-5205229834071698692?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-59128455202177846742011-10-12T23:16:00.002-04:002011-10-12T23:37:48.153-04:002011-10-12T23:37:48.153-04:00Devices that are alternative to mouse<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Olx5r7qM-iU/TpZW0ajidPI/AAAAAAAAAMg/JIrrFUVvSFg/s1600/m11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Olx5r7qM-iU/TpZW0ajidPI/AAAAAAAAAMg/JIrrFUVvSFg/s1600/m11.jpg" /></a>Following devices can be used as a alternative to mouse.<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
1. Space ball (used for 3d objects)<br />
2. Laptop touch-pad<br />
3. Track balls<br />
4. Joy sticks<br />
5. Roller ball<br />
<br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Have you used Ever?</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span">Yes, not all but only mouse,joysticks and pen or </span>stylus.<br />
<br />
<b>Which I prefer</b><br />
<b> </b>I prefer to use pen or stylus but it has its own value .However in Gaming joystick is more reliable than mouse.<br />
<br />
<b>Why:</b><br />
<b> </b>Mouse has its own value but in Gaming joysticks has more options than mouse and it is more effective in gaming tricks.<br />
<b><br /></b><br />
<b><br /></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-5912845520217784674?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-44067911490716540812011-10-08T14:56:00.001-04:002011-10-08T14:56:20.548-04:002011-10-08T14:56:20.548-04:00Operating System Vocabulary<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoTitle">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Operating
System Vocabulary Words<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 400.5pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xkS3JDp6azs/TpCcpQ1qVOI/AAAAAAAAAMA/u3FU3AKre64/s1600/os.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xkS3JDp6azs/TpCcpQ1qVOI/AAAAAAAAAMA/u3FU3AKre64/s1600/os.jpg" /></a>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Operating system - (OS)
The low-level software that handles the interface to peripheral hardware,
schedules tasks, allocates storage, and presents a default interface to
the user when no application
program is running.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">User Interface - The
aspects of a computer system or program which can be seen (or heard or
otherwise perceived) by the human user, and the commands and mechanisms
the user uses to control its operation and input data.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Graphical User
Interface - (GUI) The use of pictures rather than just words to represent
the input and output of a program. A program with a GUI runs under some windowing
system (e.g. The X
Window System, Microsoft
Windows, Acorn
RISC OS,
NEXTSTEP).
The program displays certain icons, buttons, dialogue
boxes etc. in its windows on
the screen and the user controls it mainly by moving a pointer on
the screen (typically controlled by a mouse) and
selecting certain objects by pressing buttons on the mouse while the
pointer is pointing at them.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Desktop - In graphical
user interfaces, a desktop is the metaphor used to portray file
systems. Such a desktop consists of pictures, called icons, that show
cabinets, files, folders, and
various types of documents
(that is, letters, reports, pictures).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Icons - A small picture
intended to represent something (a file, directory, or action) in a graphical
user interface.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Start button – button
usually in the bottom left hand side of an operating system windows 95 and
up<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Multitasking - A
technique used in an operating
system for sharing a single processor between several independent
jobs.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Task switching - Refers
to operating
systems or operating
environments that enable you to switch from one program to another
without losing your spot in the first program. Many utilities are
available that add task switching to DOS systems.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Active window – Refers
to objects
currently being displayed or used. For example, in graphical
user interfaces, the active window is the
window currently receiving mouse and keyboard input.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Title bar - A bar on
top of a window.
The title bar contains the name of the file or application.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">File- A collection of data or information
that has a name,
called the filename<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Folder - In graphical
user interfaces such as Windows and the Macintosh
environment,
a folder is an object
that can contain multiple documents.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Maximize - In graphical
user interfaces, to enlarge a window to its
maximum size.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Minimize - In graphical
user interfaces, to convert a window into an icon.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Restore - In graphical
user interfaces, to restore means to return a window to its
original size<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Extensions – filename
extension – the type of file that the file is<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Window - An enclosed,
rectangular area on a display screen.
Most modern operating
systems and applications
have graphical
user interfaces that let you divide your display into several windows.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Taskbar – menu bar,
which is usually at the bottom of the windows operating system, which most
programs running, appears in.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pull down menu – A menu in a graphical
user interface, whose title is normally visible but whose contents are
revealed only when the user activates it<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menu Bar - A
permanently displayed menu spread
horizontally across the top of the screen or window. When the mouse is
pressed over an item on the menu bar, a pull-down
menu appears.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-4406791149071654081?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-14262924342400648312011-10-08T05:25:00.002-04:002011-10-08T05:27:55.405-04:002011-10-08T05:27:55.405-04:00What you think about these questions?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Assignment # 1 IT</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Companies
such as Microsoft, Adobe and AutoCAD typically create new versions of their
software on a regular basis. When the new version is available, the old version
is still usable for a certain period of time. How do software companies
encourage sales of new version? Can customers continue to use the older version
of the program? If so, what are some of the concerns when using these older
programs?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Most
companies contain both a hard drive and a CD/DVD drive.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list -.5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Describe how data is stored on a hard drive.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list -.5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>What is the hard drive capacity of the computer
that you primarily use?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list -.5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Describe how data is stored on a CD/DVD drive.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list -.5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>What is the maximum capacity of a CD-ROM? What
is the maximum capacity of a DVD-ROM?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>What
would be your criteria for purchasing a computer as a student? As a business
professional?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Explain
the difference between memory and storage. Identify two types of memory and two
storage devices, one of which is removable.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Have
you used a flash or solid-state drive? In what device was this drive used? What
type of media was stored on the drive? What is the storage capacity of the
drive?</div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-1426292434240064831?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-89879587605203856762011-10-02T06:12:00.000-04:002011-10-02T06:12:28.234-04:002011-10-02T06:12:28.234-04:00Information System & Information Technology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><b><u><span style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Information Systems<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>®<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Information systems are implemented within an organization <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>®<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">For improving the effectiveness and efficiency of that organization. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span>®<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Capabilities of the information system and characteristics of the organization, its work systems, its people, and its development and implementation methodologies together determine the extent to which that purpose is achieved. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><b><u><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: "Arial Rounded MT Bold"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span> </span>Information Systems<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The branch of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to retrieve and store and transmit information.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The term "IT" encompasses the methods and techniques used in information handling and retrieval by automatic means. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The means include computers, telecommunications and office systems or any combination of these elements.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The industry or discipline involving the collection, dissemination, and management of data, typically through the use of computers.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Technology tasked with processing, storing and communication of information e.g. computers, mobile phones, PDA’s. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JVWON7qfPpc/Tog4_AZtCqI/AAAAAAAAAL8/72emyPp3GUI/s1600/information+system.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="553" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JVWON7qfPpc/Tog4_AZtCqI/AAAAAAAAAL8/72emyPp3GUI/s640/information+system.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-8987958760520385676?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-6010724777790043022011-10-02T06:07:00.001-04:002011-10-02T06:07:51.774-04:002011-10-02T06:07:51.774-04:00Computer Software<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-78KpbrbEMCs/Tog1MlOXueI/AAAAAAAAALk/ijGyK1tWjEE/s1600/software.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-78KpbrbEMCs/Tog1MlOXueI/AAAAAAAAALk/ijGyK1tWjEE/s1600/software.jpg" /></a></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Computer software, or just software, is the collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched".<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Examples of computer software :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Application software includes end-user applications of computers such as word processors or Video games, and ERP software for groups of users. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide and maintain a platform for running application software. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-601072477779004302?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-8275493002574419762011-10-02T06:01:00.001-04:002011-10-02T06:09:34.979-04:002011-10-02T06:09:34.979-04:00Multi-Processing & Multi-Tasking<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<h3> <u><span style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 20pt;">Multi-Processing<o:p></o:p></span></u></h3><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor and/or the ability to allocate tasks between them.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">There are many variations on this basic theme, and the definition of multiprocessing can vary with context, mostly as a function of how CPUs are defined (multiple cores on one die, multiple dies in one package, multiple packages in one system unit, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Multiprocessing sometimes refers to the execution of multiple concurrent software processes in a system as opposed to a single process at any one instant. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">However, the terms multitasking or multiprogramming are more appropriate to describe this concept, which is implemented mostly in software.</span></li>
</ul><b><u><span style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 20pt;">Multi-Tasking</span></u></b><br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In computing, multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In the case of a computer with a single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point in time, meaning that the CPU is actively executing instructions for that task.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Multitasking solves the problem by scheduling which task may be the one running at any given time, and when another waiting task gets a turn. The act of reassigning a CPU from one task to another one is called a context switch. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">When context switches occur frequently enough the illusion of parallelism is achieved. Even on computers with more than one CPU (called multiprocessor machines), multitasking allows many more tasks to be run than there are CPUs.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul></ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2wmZsLotwYM/Tog4Q6vPDpI/AAAAAAAAAL4/3BSz9behDA0/s1600/Multi-Processing+%2526+Multi-Tasking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="436" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2wmZsLotwYM/Tog4Q6vPDpI/AAAAAAAAAL4/3BSz9behDA0/s640/Multi-Processing+%2526+Multi-Tasking.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Add caption</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-827549300257441976?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-73742124348201145712011-10-02T05:58:00.000-04:002011-10-02T05:58:09.840-04:002011-10-02T05:58:09.840-04:00Computer Hardware<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uGhIeyvzxPw/Tog1pz1QkrI/AAAAAAAAALo/QLOmEOfLsIY/s1600/Computer+Hardware.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uGhIeyvzxPw/Tog1pz1QkrI/AAAAAAAAALo/QLOmEOfLsIY/s1600/Computer+Hardware.jpg" /></a></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw is hardware.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Hardware of a modern Personal Computer.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span>o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Monitor<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span>o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Motherboard<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span>o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia;">CPU<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span>o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia;">RAM<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span>o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Expansion cards<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span>o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Hard disk drive<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span>o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Keyboard & Mouse<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-7374212434820114571?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-25538468575872964002011-10-02T05:56:00.000-04:002011-10-02T05:56:18.593-04:002011-10-02T05:56:18.593-04:00Computer Software<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-78KpbrbEMCs/Tog1MlOXueI/AAAAAAAAALk/ijGyK1tWjEE/s1600/software.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-78KpbrbEMCs/Tog1MlOXueI/AAAAAAAAALk/ijGyK1tWjEE/s1600/software.jpg" /></a></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Computer software, or just software, is the collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched".<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Examples of computer software :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Application software includes end-user applications of computers such as word<span> </span><span> </span>processors or Video games, and ERP software for groups of users. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware <span> </span>and to provide and maintain a platform for running application software. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-2553846857587296400?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-85649964873587281732011-10-02T05:50:00.003-04:002011-10-02T05:53:50.312-04:002011-10-02T05:53:50.312-04:00History of Computers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Computers were initially large machines that could fill entire rooms. Some were operated using large vacuum tubes that formed the basis of today's transistors. In order to operate such machines, punch cards were used. One of the first such examples of this was the Jacquard Loom. <o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In 1833 Charles Babbage invented his difference engine, an early calculator. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Together with the punch card design, he created the analytical engine.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Here are some computers that came and went in the history of computing.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 20pt;">®<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 20pt;">ENIAC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XjzjSNsMuWk/Tog0YHK2sMI/AAAAAAAAALc/IFcCy6afs90/s1600/eniac" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XjzjSNsMuWk/Tog0YHK2sMI/AAAAAAAAALc/IFcCy6afs90/s1600/eniac" /></a></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">A behemoth of a machine weighing 27 tones, ENIAC stood for Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The ENIAC used thousands of vacuum tubes and a punch card mechanism. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">It was originally used to perform calculations for the hydrogen bomb, and later saw use in calculating artillery firing tables.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Working out the programming on paper took weeks, and performing the necessary wiring took days. The ENIAC saw service until October 2, 1955.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 20pt;">®</span><span style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 20pt;"> <b>Macintosh<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">First introduced by Apple in 1984, the Macintosh was the first computer to use a mouse and graphical user interface (GUI) rather than a command line interface. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BQEModXb8vU/Tog0n6_rPuI/AAAAAAAAALg/Gertn-eksWQ/s1600/macintosh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BQEModXb8vU/Tog0n6_rPuI/AAAAAAAAALg/Gertn-eksWQ/s1600/macintosh.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Until the dominance of the IBM PC, the Macintosh saw use primarily as a desktop publishing tool.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">However due to the immense cost of porting command line interface programs to the GUI, software development was initially slow.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">In this computer maintained as the basis level of the computer.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-8564996487358728173?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-28499206866768993612011-10-01T11:22:00.003-04:002011-10-01T11:29:43.462-04:002011-10-01T11:29:43.462-04:00inequality<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<h1><b><center>Basic Rules</center></b></h1><br />
<center><center></center></center><br />
In this section, you will learn how so solve inequalities. "Solving'' an inequality means finding all of its solutions. A "solution'' of an inequality is a number which when substituted for the variable makes the inequality a true statement.<br />
Here is an example: Consider the inequality<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath125" height="14" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img1.gif" width="292" /><br />
When we substitute 8 for x, the inequality becomes 8-2 > 5. Thus, <i>x</i>=8 is a solution of the inequality. On the other hand, substituting -2 for x yields the false statement (-2)-2 > 5. Thus <i>x</i> = -2 is NOT a solution of the inequality. Inequalities usually have many solutions.<br />
As in the case of solving equations, there are certain manipulations of the inequality which do not change the solutions. Here is a list of "permissible'' manipulations:<br />
<br />
<dl><dt></dt>
<dd>Rule 1. Adding/subtracting the same number on both sides.<b>Example:</b> The inequality <i>x</i>-2>5 has the same solutions as the inequality <i>x</i> > 7. (The second inequality was obtained from the first one by adding 2 on both sides.) </dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd>Rule 2. Switching sides and changing the orientation of the inequality sign.<b>Example:</b> The inequality 5-<i>x</i>> 4 has the same solutions as the inequality 4 < 5 - <i>x</i>. (We have switched sides and turned the ``>'' into a ``<''). </dd></dl>Last, but not least, the operation which is at the source of all the trouble with inequalities:<br />
<dl><dt></dt>
<dd>Rule 3a. Multiplying/dividing by the same POSITIVE number on both sides.</dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd>Rule 3b. Multiplying/dividing by the same NEGATIVE number on both sides AND changing the orientation of the inequality sign.<b>Examples:</b> This sounds harmless enough. The inequality <img align="MIDDLE" alt="tex2html_wrap_inline147" height="27" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img2.gif" width="54" /> has the same solutions as the inequality <img align="MIDDLE" alt="tex2html_wrap_inline149" height="27" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img3.gif" width="45" /> . (We divided by +2 on both sides). The inequality -2<i>x</i> > 4 has the same solutions as the inequality <i>x</i>< -2. (We divided by (-2) on both sides and switched ">'' to "<''.) But Rule 3 prohibits fancier moves: The inequality <img align="MIDDLE" alt="tex2html_wrap_inline163" height="33" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img4.gif" width="55" /> DOES NOT have the same solutions as the inequality <i>x</i> > 1. (We were planning on dividing both sides by <i>x</i>, but we can't, because we do not know at this point whether <i>x</i> will be positive or negative!) In fact, it is easy to check that <i>x</i> = -2 solves the first inequality, but does not solve the second inequality. </dd></dl>Only ``easy'' inequalities are solved using these three rules; most inequalities are solved by using different techniques.<br />
Let's solve some inequalities:<br />
<br />
<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="SECTION00010010000000000000">Example 1:</a></h4>Consider the inequality<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath173" height="16" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img5.gif" width="296" /><br />
<br />
The basic strategy for inequalities and equations is the same: isolate <i>x</i> on one side, and put the "other stuff" on the other side. Following this strategy, let's move +5 to the right side. We accomplish this by subtracting 5 on both sides (Rule 1) to obtain<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath174" height="21" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img6.gif" width="338" /><br />
after simplification we obtain<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath175" height="14" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img7.gif" width="279" /><br />
Once we divide by +2 on both sides (Rule 3a), we have succeeded in isolating <i>x</i> on the left:<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath176" height="40" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img8.gif" width="283" /><br />
or simplified,<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath177" height="14" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img9.gif" width="275" /><br />
All real numbers less than 1 solve the inequality. We say that the "set of solutions'' of the inequality consists of all real numbers less than 1. In <em>interval notation</em>, the set of solutions is the interval <img align="MIDDLE" alt="tex2html_wrap_inline187" height="32" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img10.gif" width="66" /> .<br />
<br />
<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="SECTION00010020000000000000">Example 2:</a></h4>Find all solutions of the inequality<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath189" height="16" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img11.gif" width="291" /><br />
Let's start by moving the ``5'' to the right side by subtracting 5 on both sides (Rule 1):<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath190" height="21" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img12.gif" width="333" /><br />
or simplified,<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath191" height="16" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img13.gif" width="282" /><br />
How do we get rid of the ``-'' sign in front of <i>x</i>? Just multiply by (-1) on both sides (Rule 3b), changing " <img align="MIDDLE" alt="tex2html_wrap_inline201" height="27" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img14.gif" width="10" /> " to " <img align="MIDDLE" alt="tex2html_wrap_inline203" height="27" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img15.gif" width="10" /> " along the way:<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath192" height="21" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img16.gif" width="345" /><br />
or simplified<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath193" height="16" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img17.gif" width="283" /><br />
All real numbers greater than or equal to -1 satisfy the inequality. The set of solutions of the inequality is the interval <img align="MIDDLE" alt="tex2html_wrap_inline205" height="32" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img18.gif" width="63" /> .<br />
<br />
<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="SECTION00010030000000000000">Example 3:</a></h4>Solve the inequality<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath207" height="21" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img19.gif" width="339" /><br />
Let us simplify first:<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath208" height="15" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img20.gif" width="319" /><br />
There is more than one route to proceed; let's take this one: subtract 2<i>x</i> on both sides (Rule 1).<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath209" height="21" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img21.gif" width="379" /><br />
and simplify:<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath210" height="15" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img22.gif" width="304" /><br />
Next, subtract 9 on both sides (Rule 1):<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath211" height="21" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img23.gif" width="345" /><br />
simplify to obtain<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath212" height="14" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img24.gif" width="292" /><br />
Then, divide by 4 (Rule 3a):<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath213" height="40" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img25.gif" width="295" /><br />
and simplify again:<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath214" height="40" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img26.gif" width="288" /><br />
It looks nicer, if we switch sides (Rule 2).<br />
<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath215" height="40" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img27.gif" width="290" /><br />
In interval notation, the set of solutions looks like this: <img align="MIDDLE" alt="tex2html_wrap_inline227" height="53" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img28.gif" width="100" /> .<br />
<br />
<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="exercises">Exercise 1:</a></h4>Find all solutions of the inequality<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath229" height="15" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img29.gif" width="296" /><br />
<br />
<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="SECTION00010050000000000000"></a><a href="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/ineq01a1.html">Answer.</a></h4><br />
<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="SECTION00010060000000000000">Exercise 2:</a></h4>Solve the inequality<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath231" height="16" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img30.gif" width="296" /><br />
<br />
<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="SECTION00010070000000000000"></a><a href="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/ineq01a2.html">Answer.</a></h4><br />
<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="SECTION00010080000000000000">Exercise 3:</a></h4>Solve the inequality<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath233" height="40" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img31.gif" width="295" /><br />
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<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="SECTION00010090000000000000"></a><a href="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/ineq01a3.html">Answer.</a></h4><br />
<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="SECTION000100100000000000000">Exercise 4:</a></h4>Find all solutions of the inequality<img align="BOTTOM" alt="displaymath235" height="20" src="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/img32.gif" width="287" /><br />
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<h4><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4040226586231226923&postID=2849920686676899361&from=pencil" name="SECTION000100110000000000000"></a><a href="http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/inequalities/ineq01/ineq01a4.html">Answer.</a></h4><div><br />
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<center></center></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-2849920686676899361?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-44132458637688369612011-10-01T11:14:00.000-04:002011-10-01T11:14:19.466-04:002011-10-01T11:14:19.466-04:00modulus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ececec; color: #323d4f; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #459926; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Definition</span></span></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />The absolute value (or modulus) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|x|" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7Cx%7C" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> of a real number x is x's numerical value without regard to its sign.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />For example, <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|3| = 3" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7C3%7C%20%3D%203" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>; <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|-12| = 12" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7C-12%7C%20%3D%2012" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>; <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|-1.3|=1.3" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7C-1.3%7C%3D1.3" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #459926; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Graph:</span></span></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><img alt="Image" class="" src="http://gmatclub.com/forum/download/file.php?id=10105" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #459926; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Important properties:</span></span></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|x|\geq0" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7Cx%7C%5Cgeq0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|x| = \sqrt{x^2}" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7Cx%7C%20%3D%20%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2%7D" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|0|=0" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7C0%7C%3D0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|-x|=|x|" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7C-x%7C%3D%7Cx%7C" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|x|+|y|\geq|x+y|" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7Cx%7C+%7Cy%7C%5Cgeq%7Cx+y%7C" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #459926; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3-steps approach:</span></span></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />General approach to solving equalities and inequalities with absolute value:<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. Open modulus and set conditions.</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />To solve/open a modulus, you need to consider 2 situations to find all roots:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Positive (or rather non-negative)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Negative</li>
</ul><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />For example, <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|x-1|=4" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7Cx-1%7C%3D4" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />a) Positive: if <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="(x-1)\geq0" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%28x-1%29%5Cgeq0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>, we can rewrite the equation as: <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x-1=4" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x-1%3D4" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />b) Negative: if <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="(x-1)<0" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%28x-1%29%3C0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>, we can rewrite the equation as: <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-(x-1)=4" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-%28x-1%29%3D4" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />We can also think about conditions like graphics. <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x=1" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%3D1" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> is a key point in which the expression under modulus equals zero. All points right are the first conditions <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="(x>1)" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%28x%3E1%29" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> and all points left are second conditions <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="(x<1)" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%28x%3C1%29" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><img alt="Image" class="" src="http://gmatclub.com/forum/download/file.php?id=10490" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">2. Solve new equations:</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />a) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x-1=4" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x-1%3D4" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> --> x=5<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />b) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-x+1=4" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-x+1%3D4" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> --> x=-3<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3. Check conditions for each solution:</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />a) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x=5" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%3D5" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> has to satisfy initial condition <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x-1>=0" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x-1%3E%3D0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="5-1=4>0" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?5-1%3D4%3E0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. It satisfies. Otherwise, we would have to reject x=5.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />b) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x=-3" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%3D-3" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> has to satisfy initial condition <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x-1<0" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x-1%3C0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-3-1=-4<0" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-3-1%3D-4%3C0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. It satisfies. Otherwise, we would have to reject x=-3.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #459926; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">3-steps approach for complex problems</span></span></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Let’s consider following examples,<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Example #1</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Q.:</span> <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|x+3| - |4-x| = |8+x|" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7Cx+3%7C%20-%20%7C4-x%7C%20%3D%20%7C8+x%7C" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. How many solutions does the equation have?<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Solution:</span> There are 3 key points here: -8, -3, 4. So we have 4 conditions:<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />a) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x < -8" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%20%3C%20-8" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-(x+3) - (4-x) = -(8+x)" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-%28x+3%29%20-%20%284-x%29%20%3D%20-%288+x%29" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> --> <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x = -1" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%20%3D%20-1" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. We reject the solution because our condition is not satisfied (-1 is not less than -8)<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />b) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-8 \leq x < -3" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-8%20%5Cleq%20x%20%3C%20-3" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-(x+3) - (4-x) = (8+x)" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-%28x+3%29%20-%20%284-x%29%20%3D%20%288+x%29" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> --> <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x = -15" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%20%3D%20-15" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. We reject the solution because our condition is not satisfied (-15 is not within (-8,-3) interval.)<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />c) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-3 \leq x < 4" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-3%20%5Cleq%20x%20%3C%204" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="(x+3) - (4-x) = (8+x)" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%28x+3%29%20-%20%284-x%29%20%3D%20%288+x%29" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> --> <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x = 9" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%20%3D%209" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. We reject the solution because our condition is not satisfied (-15 is not within (-3,4) interval.)<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />d) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x \geq 4" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%20%5Cgeq%204" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="(x+3) + (4-x) = (8+x)" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%28x+3%29%20+%20%284-x%29%20%3D%20%288+x%29" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> --> <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x = -1" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%20%3D%20-1" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. We reject the solution because our condition is not satisfied (-1 is not more than 4)<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />(Optional) The following illustration may help you understand how to open modulus at different conditions.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><img alt="Image" class="" src="http://gmatclub.com/forum/download/file.php?id=10488" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Answer</span>: 0<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Example #2</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Q.:</span> <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="|x^2-4| = 1" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%7Cx%5E2-4%7C%20%3D%201" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. What is x?<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Solution:</span> There are 2 conditions:<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />a) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="(x^2-4)\geq0" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%28x%5E2-4%29%5Cgeq0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> --> <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x \leq -2" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%20%5Cleq%20-2" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> or <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x\geq2" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%5Cgeq2" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x^2-4=1" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%5E2-4%3D1" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> --> <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x^2 = 5" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%5E2%20%3D%205" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. x e {<span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-\sqrt{5}" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-%5Csqrt%7B5%7D" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>, <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="\sqrt{5}" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csqrt%7B5%7D" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>} and both solutions satisfy the condition.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />b) <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="(x^2-4)<0" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%28x%5E2-4%29%3C0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> --> <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-2 < x < 2" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-2%20%3C%20x%20%3C%202" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-(x^2-4) = 1" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-%28x%5E2-4%29%20%3D%201" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span> --> <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="x^2 = 3" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x%5E2%20%3D%203" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>. x e {<span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-\sqrt{3}" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-%5Csqrt%7B3%7D" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>, <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="\sqrt{3}" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csqrt%7B3%7D" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>} and both solutions satisfy the condition.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />(Optional) The following illustration may help you understand how to open modulus at different conditions.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><img alt="Image" class="" src="http://gmatclub.com/forum/download/file.php?id=10489" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Answer</span>: <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-\sqrt{5}" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-%5Csqrt%7B5%7D" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>, <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="-\sqrt{3}" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?-%5Csqrt%7B3%7D" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>, <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="\sqrt{3}" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csqrt%7B3%7D" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span>, <span class="m" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="\sqrt{5}" src="http://gmatclub.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csqrt%7B5%7D" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #459926; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tip & Tricks</span></span></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />The 3-steps method works in almost all cases. At the same time, often there are shortcuts and tricks that allow you to solve absolute value problems in 10-20 sec.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I. Thinking of inequality with modulus as a segment at the number line.</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />For example,<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Problem: </span>1<x<9. What inequality represents this condition?<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><img alt="Image" class="" src="http://gmatclub.com/forum/download/file.php?id=10106" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />A. |x|<3<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />B. |x+5|<4<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />C. |x-1|<9<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />D. |-5+x|<4<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />E. |3+x|<5<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Solution:</span> 10sec. Traditional 3-steps method is too time-consume technique. First of all we find length (9-1)=8 and center (1+8/2=5) of the segment represented by 1<x<9. Now, let’s look at our options. Only B and D has 8/2=4 on the right side and D had left site 0 at x=5. Therefore, answer is D.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">II. Converting inequalities with modulus into range expression.</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />In many cases, especially in DS problems, it helps avoid silly mistakes.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />For example,<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />|x|<5 is equal to x e (-5,5).<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />|x+3|>3 is equal to x e (-inf,-6)&(0,+inf)<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">III. Thinking about absolute values as distance between points at the number line.</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />For example, <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Problem:</span> A<X<Y<B. Is |A-X| <|X-B|?<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />1) |Y-A|<|B-Y|<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Solution:</span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><img alt="Image" class="" src="http://gmatclub.com/forum/download/file.php?mode=view&id=10107" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />We can think about absolute values here as distance between points. Statement 1 means than distance between Y and A is less than Y and B. Because X is between A and Y, distance between |X-A| < |Y-A| and at the same time distance between X and B will be larger than that between Y and B (|B-Y|<|B-X|). Therefore, statement 1 is sufficient.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #459926; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Pitfalls</span></span></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />The most typical pitfall is ignoring third step in opening modulus - always check whether your solution satisfies conditions.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; 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margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Look up details">The Official Guide</a>, 12th Edition: PS #22; PS #50; PS #130; DS #1; DS #153; <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><a class="th23autolinks postlink-local" href="http://gmatclub.com/amazon/ogframe.html" style="color: #006597; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Look up details">The Official Guide</a>, Quantitative 2th Edition: PS #152; PS #156; DS #96; DS #120; <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><a class="th23autolinks postlink-local" href="http://gmatclub.com/amazon/ogframe.html" style="color: #006597; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Look up details">The Official Guide</a>, 11th Edition: DT #9; PS #20; PS #130; DS #3; DS #105; DS #128; <br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Generated from</span> [<span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="postlink-local" href="http://gmatclub.com/forum/gmat-toolkit-iphone-ipod-application-82830.html" style="color: #006597; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">GMAT ToolKit</a></span>]<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #459926; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Resources</span></span></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Absolute value DS problems: [<a class="postlink-local" href="http://gmatclub.com/forum/advanced-search/?search_id=tag&tag_id=37" style="color: #006597; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">search</a>]<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Absolute value PS problems: [<a class="postlink-local" href="http://gmatclub.com/forum/advanced-search/?search_id=tag&tag_id=58" style="color: #006597; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">search</a>]<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Fig's post with absolute value problems: [<a class="postlink-local" href="http://gmatclub.com/forum/absolute-mpractices-modules-list-of-gmat-questions-39533.html?view-post=282051#p282051" style="color: #006597; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Absolute Value Problems</a>]<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ececec; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;"><a href="http://gmatclub.com/forum/math-absolute-value-modulus-86462.html">For more information click here</a></span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-4413245863768836961?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-6664793966959935982011-09-30T22:13:00.001-04:002011-09-30T22:32:58.362-04:002011-09-30T22:32:58.362-04:00History of Computers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 20pt;">History of Computers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Computers were initially large machines that could fill entire rooms. Some were operated using large vacuum tubes that formed the basis of today's transistors.In order to operate such machines, punch cards were used. One of the first such examples of this was the Jacquard Loom. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> In 1833 Charles Babbage invented his difference engine, an early calculator. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> Together with the punch card design, he created the analytical engine.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Here are some computers that came and went in the history of computing.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="color: red;">ENIAC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> A behemoth of a machine weighing 27 tones, ENIAC stood for Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UlLUEt-TQ2c/ToZ5H76H-EI/AAAAAAAAALQ/4TxxIoEQ-uc/s1600/ENIAC_computer-pc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UlLUEt-TQ2c/ToZ5H76H-EI/AAAAAAAAALQ/4TxxIoEQ-uc/s320/ENIAC_computer-pc.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> The ENIAC used thousands of vacuum tubes and a punch card mechanism.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> It was originally used to perform calculations for the hydrogen bomb, and later saw use in calculating artillery firing tables.</li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> Working out the programming on paper took weeks, and performing the necessary wiring took days. The ENIAC saw service until October 2, 1955.</li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Wingdings;">®<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"> <b>Macintosh<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Jd65vltyCJg/ToZ6UNKzFJI/AAAAAAAAALU/0xPyQCllEAA/s1600/220px-Macintosh.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Jd65vltyCJg/ToZ6UNKzFJI/AAAAAAAAALU/0xPyQCllEAA/s1600/220px-Macintosh.png" /></a></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> First introduced by Apple in 1984, the Macintosh was the first computer to use a mouse and graphical user interface (GUI) rather than a command line interface. </li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p> Until the dominance of the IBM PC, the Macintosh saw use primarily as a desktop publishing tool.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> However due to the immense cost of porting command line interface programs to the GUI, software development was initially slow.</li>
</ul></ul><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> In this computer maintained as the basis level of the computer.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #fce5cd; color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial;"> <b>IBM PC</b></span></li>
</ul></ul><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The father of all current personal computers, the IBM PC was introduced in 1981. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pLjHiGmA6bs/ToZ7yFomivI/AAAAAAAAALY/kDW7oYtgX4o/s1600/ibm-pc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pLjHiGmA6bs/ToZ7yFomivI/AAAAAAAAALY/kDW7oYtgX4o/s1600/ibm-pc.jpg" /></a></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> It was capable of running 3 different operating systems at launch, the most popular being PC DOS. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> The IBM PC introduced the concept of the BIOS (Basic Input Output System), which was proprietary at the time, although it now has been reverse-engineered and is considered the de facto standard in firmware interfacing. Because of its success, many manufacturers were encouraged to create clones with the same feature set as the PC, which we use today as our computers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-666479396695993598?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-78113919368134692022011-09-30T12:04:00.002-04:002011-09-30T22:35:54.539-04:002011-09-30T22:35:54.539-04:00Generations of Computers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Computer’s history is classified into 5 generations<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">§<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1st Generation <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">§<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2nd Generation<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">§<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3rd Generation<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">§<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4th Generation<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">§<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5th Generation<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;">1st Generation</span></b><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>From 1940 to 1956<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> The first computers used </li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b> vacuum tubes</b> for circuitry and </li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><b> magnetic drums</b> for memory, and were </li>
<li class="MsoNormal"> often <b>enormous</b>, taking up entire rooms. </li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> They were very <b>expensive</b> to operate.</li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> They using a great deal of <b>electricity</b>, and</li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> generated a <b>lot of heat,</b> which was often the cause of malfunction. </li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;">2nd Generation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>From 1956 to 1963<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><b> Transistors</b> replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. </li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> The transistor was invented in <b>1947</b> but did not see widespread use in computers until the <b>late 1950s</b>. </li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first- generation predecessors. </li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;">3rd Generation</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><u>From 1964 to 1971<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal">Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;">4th Generation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><u>From 1971 to Present<o:p></o:p></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"> Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ul></ul><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#00cc99,#3333cc,#ccccff,#b2b2b2"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span></p:colorscheme><div class="O" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-line-spacing: "93 0 0"; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"><b>5</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; position: relative; top: -0.45em;"><b>th</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"><b> Generation </b></span></span></div><div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-line-spacing: "93 0 0"; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: 800;"><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#00cc99,#3333cc,#ccccff,#b2b2b2"><u> </u></p:colorscheme></span><br />
<div v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><div class="O" style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: 800;"><u><br />
</u></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Present and Beyond</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.</span></li>
</ul></ul><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"> The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.</span></li>
</ul></ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4040226586231226923-7811391936813469202?l=itbugsss.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>jamilalihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12755013287595572863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4040226586231226923.post-69112743001728249512011-09-30T11:49:00.000-04:002011-09-30T11:49:38.227-04:002011-09-30T11:49:38.227-04:00Basic Definitions of Computers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span>A computer is a programmable machine <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span><span> </span>Receives input through input devices<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span><span> </span>Process the information through processing devices<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span><span> </span>Stores the information on storage devices<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square"><li class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span><span> </span>Provides output through output devices<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Computer and its Peripherals<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><b>Definition of a Computer.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span>A device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><b>Definition of a Peripheral.</b><span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span>An electronic equipment connected by cable to the CPU of a computer; "disk drives and printers are important peripherals" <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i>Computer: </i></b><span>A machine that can receive and store information and change or <span> </span><span> </span>process it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i>Information: </i></b><span>Knowledge that is communicated.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i>Data : </i></b><span>The representation of information in a <span> </span>formalized manner suitable for <span> </span><span> </span>communication, interpretation and processing, generally by a computer<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>system. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span><span> </span>Note: </span></i><span>the term ‘raw data’ refers to unprocessed information.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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